How to Tell if Your Power Steering Is Failing

If the steering wheel suddenly feels heavy, you hear whining or groaning when turning, see a steering warning light, or notice power-steering fluid leaks, your power steering may be faulty; pull over safely, check fluid (for hydraulic systems), and schedule a diagnostic as soon as possible. Steering problems can escalate quickly, so catching early warning signs—noise, stiffness, jerky assist, or an illuminated EPS/steering icon—can prevent breakdowns and costly repairs.

What Power Steering Does—and Why Faults Matter

Power steering reduces the effort needed to turn the wheel, especially at low speeds. Most modern vehicles use either hydraulic assist (driven by a pump and fluid) or electric power steering (EPS, driven by an electric motor and sensors). Failures can range from nuisance noises to dangerous loss of assist. Recognizing symptoms early helps you decide whether it’s safe to drive and what to check first.

Symptoms You’ll Notice While Driving

The clearest indicators often appear behind the wheel as changes in how the steering feels or sounds. Watch and listen for the following common signs.

• Heavier-than-normal steering effort, especially at low speeds or when parking.
• Intermittent assist: steering alternates between normal and heavy, often after a few minutes of driving or during tight maneuvers.
• Whining, groaning, or moaning while turning the wheel (hydraulic systems), or a high-pitched electric whir (EPS).
• Shudder, vibration, or “notchy” feel when turning, including steering that doesn’t return to center smoothly.
• Steering wheel quivers or pulses at idle when turning (often hydraulic pump strain).
• Burning-oil or hot-electric smell after repeated low-speed turns or holding the wheel at full lock.
• Steering or EPS warning light on the dash (a steering wheel icon, sometimes with an exclamation mark, or “EPS”).
• Visible fluid puddle under the front of the car or a drop in fluid level (hydraulic systems).
• Squealing belt noise on cold starts or during sharp turns (possible belt/tensioner issue driving a hydraulic pump).
• Steering effort changes with temperature or after hitting bumps, suggesting a failing sensor, motor, or rack issue.

Any combination of these signs points toward a power steering issue; the specific pattern—noise, heaviness, or warning lights—can help distinguish between hydraulic and electric faults.

Quick Checks You Can Do at Home

Before heading to a shop, you can perform simple, safe checks to narrow down the cause. These steps won’t replace a full diagnostic, but they can reveal obvious problems.

1. Park safely, engine off, on level ground. Set the parking brake.
2. If your car has hydraulic steering, check the power-steering fluid reservoir: confirm level and color (clear to amber is typical; dark, gritty, or foamy fluid indicates trouble). Only open a cool system.
3. Look for leaks: damp hoses, wet spots around the pump, reservoir, or rack boots; fresh puddles under the front end.
4. With the engine running, turn the wheel slowly lock-to-lock in an empty area: note whining, groaning, or shudder. Do not hold at full lock for more than a second.
5. Inspect the serpentine belt and tensioner (hydraulic systems): check for cracks, glazing, looseness, or chirp/squeal noises.
6. Compare steering effort engine off versus on: much lighter with the engine on suggests the assist system is working at least partially.
7. For EPS vehicles, scan for codes if you have an OBD-II scanner: look for EPS/steering-angle/torque-sensor faults.
8. Check battery and charging health (EPS is voltage-sensitive): a weak battery or alternator can cause loss of assist or EPS lights.
9. Verify tire pressures are at the door-jamb spec; underinflation mimics heavy steering.
10. Note when symptoms occur (cold start, after highway driving, in rain) to help your mechanic pinpoint heat- or moisture-related faults.

If these checks reveal low fluid, obvious leaks, belt issues, or EPS codes, avoid unnecessary driving and book service—addressing the root cause early prevents pump or rack damage.

Common Causes and What They Mean

Different failure modes produce distinct signs. Matching symptoms to likely causes helps you estimate urgency and repair paths.

• Low or contaminated fluid (hydraulic): heavy steering, pump whine, foamy reservoir. Cause may be leak or overdue fluid service.
• Leaking hoses, reservoir, or rack seals: visible wetness, low fluid, assist fades over time; ignoring leaks can destroy the pump.
• Failing power-steering pump: loud whine/groan, metal-flake contamination, assist weak when hot or at idle.
• Clogged filter/valves or degraded fluid: jerky, inconsistent assist; fluid flush may help if no mechanical damage.
• Worn rack-and-pinion or internal rack leak: wandering, uneven assist, clunks, fluid inside rack boots.
• Serpentine belt/tensioner issues (hydraulic): squeal, intermittent assist, or assist loss under load.
• EPS torque/angle sensor failure: EPS light, inconsistent assist, steering pulls or recenters poorly; often sets fault codes.
• EPS motor or module overheating: assist cuts out after repeated turns, returns after cooling.
• Intermediate shaft universal joint binding: “notchy,” memory-steer feel; worse in cold weather or after bumps.
• Suspension/alignment/tire problems: may mimic steering faults (pulling, wandering, heavy feel). Check pressures, alignment, and front-end wear.
• Strut mount bearing failure: spring binds and releases while turning, causing notchiness and noise.

Because multiple systems influence steering feel, a structured diagnosis avoids replacing good parts; leaks, sensors, belts, and joints are frequent culprits.

Is It Safe to Keep Driving?

Loss of assist makes steering much heavier, especially at low speeds, which can be unsafe in traffic or emergencies. Safety depends on severity and whether faults are intermittent or worsening.

• Stop driving and seek a tow if steering becomes extremely heavy, jerky, or unpredictable, or if you hear loud grinding or see a rapid fluid loss.
• Drive cautiously to a shop if effort is only slightly increased and stable, with no warning lights or leaks—but avoid highways and tight parking maneuvers.
• Do not hold the wheel at full lock for more than a second; this overheats pumps and EPS motors.
• If the EPS warning light is on, cycling the ignition may temporarily restore assist, but the underlying issue still needs diagnosis.

When in doubt, err on the side of caution; steering faults can escalate suddenly, especially under load or heat.

What a Mechanic Will Check and Typical Costs (2024–2025)

Professional diagnostics confirm the fault and prevent repeat failures. Expect the following checks and ballpark costs, which vary by vehicle, region, and parts brand.

• Diagnostic scan and inspection: verify fluid condition, leaks, belt/tensioner, rack play, EPS codes and live data.
• Fluid service/flush (hydraulic): $80–$180 if no damage; may restore smooth assist if fluid is degraded.
• Pump replacement (hydraulic): roughly $400–$1,200 total; higher for some imports and trucks.
• Rack-and-pinion replacement: about $900–$2,500+ including alignment; reman vs. new affects price.
• Hoses/lines or reservoir: $150–$400 depending on parts and access.
• Belt and tensioner: $125–$350 installed.
• EPS motor/module or column assembly: $700–$2,000+; calibration/programming often required.
• Steering angle sensor calibration or replacement: $100–$400.
• Wheel alignment after steering/suspension work: $90–$180.

If metal debris is found in hydraulic fluid, shops often recommend replacing the pump and flushing—or replacing—the rack to avoid immediate re-failure.

Prevention Tips

Routine attention to the steering system can extend component life and reduce repair costs.

• Check power-steering fluid level and condition at each oil change (hydraulic systems); use only the manufacturer-specified fluid.
• Avoid holding the steering at full lock; momentary contact is fine, prolonged strain is not.
• Replace a glazed/cracked serpentine belt and weak tensioner promptly.
• Keep tires at recommended pressures; underinflation increases steering load.
• Maintain battery and charging system health; EPS is sensitive to low voltage.
• Inspect rack boots and hoses for seepage; address small leaks early.
• Schedule alignment when you notice pulling, uneven wear, or after suspension work.

These simple habits reduce stress on pumps, racks, and EPS motors, lowering the risk of sudden assist loss.

FAQ

Drivers often ask how to distinguish normal quirks from genuine faults. These quick answers address the most common points of confusion.

• Hydraulic vs. EPS symptoms: hydraulic faults often include fluid issues and pump whine; EPS problems trigger dash lights and can be voltage- or heat-related.
• What does fluid color mean? Dark/burnt or metallic fluid signals overheating or wear; milky foam indicates air in the system.
• Can I use stop-leak? It may slow minor seepage temporarily but can swell seals and clog passages; fix leaks properly for a lasting repair.
• Can a weak battery cause hard steering? Yes—EPS may reduce or cut assist below voltage thresholds; test battery and alternator.
• Will an alignment fix heavy steering? Not if the assist system is failing; alignment addresses pull/wander and tire wear, not assist pressure or EPS faults.
• What if steering suddenly goes heavy while driving? Signal, pull over safely, cycle ignition once if EPS; if still heavy or noisy, call for a tow.

If you’re unsure which system you have, check your owner’s manual or under-hood labels; this will guide the next best step.

Summary

Heavier steering effort, turning noises, leaks, and steering/EPS warning lights are the most reliable signs your power steering is failing. Verify fluid (hydraulic), check for leaks and belt issues, scan for EPS codes, and confirm battery health. Drive cautiously—or not at all—depending on severity, and schedule prompt service to prevent cascading damage and higher repair costs.

What is the most common failure in a power steering system?

The most common causes of power steering failure are a low fluid level due to a leak and a worn-out or slipping drive belt that powers the pump. Other causes include a failing power steering pump, a damaged or failing power steering rack, or issues with the system’s hoses, couplings, or, in the case of electric power steering, a faulty control module or motor.
 
For Hydraulic Power Steering (Fluid-Based)

• Fluid Leaks: This is the most frequent cause of power steering issues, leading to low fluid levels and a loss of hydraulic pressure. Leaks can originate from cracked hoses, loose couplings, or a failing power steering rack. 
• Worn-Out Drive Belt: A slipping or damaged belt that drives the power steering pump will prevent the pump from operating, resulting in heavy steering. 
• Failing Power Steering Pump: The pump, which pressurizes the fluid, can wear out over time, leading to reduced pressure, whining noises, and eventual failure. 
• Worn Hoses: Over time, hoses can become cracked, brittle, or lose their seals, leading to fluid leaks. 
• Faulty Power Steering Rack: The steering rack can develop wear and tear, including faulty seals, that can cause fluid leaks and power steering failure. 

For Electric Power Steering (EPS)

• Faulty Control Module: Modern vehicles often use electric power steering, and the onboard computer module is a common point of failure. 
• Failing Electric Motor: The electric motors that assist steering can also fail, leading to loss of power assist. 

How to Troubleshoot

1. Check Fluid Level: Inspect the power steering fluid reservoir and ensure the fluid is at the proper level. 
2. Look for Leaks: Check for any visible fluid leaks under the car, especially around the hoses and steering rack. 
3. Inspect the Belt: Examine the power steering belt for cracks, fraying, or signs of slipping. 
4. Listen for Noises: Pay attention to any whining or grinding noises when turning the steering wheel, which can signal a pump problem. 

If you notice any signs of power steering failure, have the system inspected by a professional to prevent more significant damage and ensure safe driving conditions.

How can I test my power steering?

Pressure you see it here on the gauge. It’s going to jump up it’s going to skyrocket. 1,400. You can develop about 1,600. PSI. You can also dead head the pump by closing.

What is the average cost to fix power steering?

Fixing power steering can cost anywhere from $10 for a fluid top-off to well over $1,000 for a full system replacement. Most repairs are for common issues like a faulty power steering pump, which can cost $500 to $900 to replace, or a leaking hose, which is less expensive at $60 to $150. The final cost depends on the specific part needed, the make and model of your vehicle, and the labor rates at your shop. 
Cost Breakdown by Component

• Power Steering Fluid: Opens in new tabFor a simple top-off, it’s a cheap fix, costing around $10 to $20. 
• Hose Replacement: Opens in new tabA leaky hose can be fixed for $60 to $150, with labor costs making up a significant portion of that price, according to Jiffy Lube. 
• Power Steering Pump: Opens in new tabExpect to pay $500 to $900 on average for a pump replacement, though this varies significantly by vehicle, says Synchrony. 
• Power Steering Rack and Pinion: Opens in new tabA complete rack and pinion replacement is a more expensive job, with costs potentially reaching $1,000 or more, according to Reddit users. 

Factors Influencing the Cost

• Parts vs. Labor: The price of parts and the labor rate for the mechanic are the biggest cost factors. 
• Vehicle Make and Model: Luxury or high-end vehicles may have more expensive parts, driving up the total cost, notes Kelley Blue Book. 
• Type of Part: Opting for a new, rebuilt, or used part affects the initial cost; a new pump is typically more expensive than a rebuilt or used one. 
• Dealerships vs. Independent Shops: Dealerships often charge 20% to 50% more than independent shops for the same repair, according to CarTalk. 

What to Do

1. Check Your Fluid: The easiest and cheapest fix is often simply adding more power steering fluid, says Earnhardt Lexus. 
2. Get a Professional Diagnosis: Have a mechanic inspect your system to pinpoint the exact problem, whether it’s a simple leak or a more serious component failure. 
3. Request a Detailed Estimate: Ask for an itemized quote that includes parts and labor to understand the specific costs involved. 

What are the symptoms of bad power steering?

5 Symptoms that May Point to Your Power Steering Failing

• Your Steering Wheel Feels Stiff.
• Your Car’s Steering Doesn’t Handle the Way it Used To.
• Your Power Steering Fluid is Low or Discolored.
• You Hear a Squealing or Whining Sound.
• You Hear a Groaning Sound.